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Data Science. --- Interdisciplinary Communication. --- Communication Research --- Cross-Disciplinary Communication --- Multidisciplinary Communication --- Communication, Cross-Disciplinary --- Communication, Interdisciplinary --- Communication, Multidisciplinary --- Communications, Cross-Disciplinary --- Communications, Interdisciplinary --- Communications, Multidisciplinary --- Cross Disciplinary Communication --- Cross-Disciplinary Communications --- Interdisciplinary Communications --- Multidisciplinary Communications --- Research, Communication --- Interprofessional Relations --- Data Analytics --- Data-Driven Science --- Analytic, Data --- Analytics, Data --- Data Analytic --- Data Driven Science --- Data Sciences --- Data-Driven Sciences --- Science, Data --- Science, Data-Driven --- Sciences, Data --- Sciences, Data-Driven --- Big Data --- data sciences --- data --- information systems --- statistics --- Data Science --- methods --- methods.

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biomedicine --- life sciences --- clinical practice --- medical research --- translational science --- Global Health. --- Public Health. --- Translational Medical Research. --- Biomedical Research. --- Interdisciplinary Communication. --- Experimental Medicine --- Investigational Medicine --- Investigative Medicine --- Research, Biomedical --- Research, Medical --- Medical Research --- Medicine, Experimental --- Medicine, Investigational --- Medicine, Investigative --- Animals, Laboratory --- Knowledge Translation --- Translational Medical Science --- Translational Medicine --- Translational Research, Medical --- Translational Research --- Knowledge Translations --- Medical Research, Translational --- Medical Science, Translational --- Medical Sciences, Translational --- Medical Translational Research --- Medicine, Translational --- Research, Medical Translational --- Research, Translational --- Research, Translational Medical --- Science, Translational Medical --- Sciences, Translational Medical --- Translation, Knowledge --- Translational Medical Sciences --- Translational Researchs --- Translations, Knowledge --- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (U.S.) --- Community Health --- Environment, Preventive Medicine & Public Health --- Environment, Preventive Medicine and Public Health --- Health, Community --- Health, Public --- Preventive Medicine --- Education, Public Health Professional --- International Health --- Worldwide Health --- International Health Problems --- World Health --- Health Problem, International --- Health Problems, International --- Health, Global --- Health, International --- Health, World --- Health, Worldwide --- Healths, International --- International Health Problem --- International Healths --- Problem, International Health --- Problems, International Health --- World Health Organization --- Communication Research --- Cross-Disciplinary Communication --- Multidisciplinary Communication --- Communication, Cross-Disciplinary --- Communication, Interdisciplinary --- Communication, Multidisciplinary --- Communications, Cross-Disciplinary --- Communications, Interdisciplinary --- Communications, Multidisciplinary --- Cross Disciplinary Communication --- Cross-Disciplinary Communications --- Interdisciplinary Communications --- Multidisciplinary Communications --- Research, Communication --- Interprofessional Relations --- Translational Research, Biomedical --- Translational Research, Biomedical. --- Biology --- Medicine --- Research.

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By the 1960s, reproduction was disciplined, and the young and contested scientific enterprise proved remarkably successful at attracting private funding and support. But the controversies continue as women--the targeted consumers--create their own reproductive agendas around the world. Modern scientific study of reproduction, human and animal, began in the United States in an overlapping triad of fields: biology, medicine, and agriculture. Clarke traces the complicated paths through which physiological approaches to reproduction led to endocrinological approaches, creating along the way new technoscientific products from contraceptives to hormone therapies to new modes of assisted conception--for both humans and animals. She focuses on the changing relations and often uneasy collaborations among scientists and the key social worlds most interested in their work--major philanthropists and a wide array of feminist and medical birth control and eugenics advocates--and recounts vividly how the reproductive sciences slowly acquired standing. Reproductive issues from sex and contraception to abortion and cloning have been controversial for centuries, and scientists who attempted to turn the study of reproduction into a discipline faced an uphill struggle. Adele Clarke's story of the search for reproductive knowledge across the twentieth century is colorful and fraught with conflict.

Reproduction --- Reproductive technology --- Sex (Biology) --- Life sciences --- Women --- Animal breeding. --- Research --- Animal Husbandry --- Biological Science Disciplines --- History, 20th Century --- Reproductive Medicine --- Women's Health --- Animal breeding --- Social Sciences --- Communication --- Reproductive Techniques --- Ethics --- Reproductive Health Services --- Financing, Organized --- Health --- Economics --- Ownership --- Psychology, Social --- Sexual Behavior --- Organizations --- Sociology --- Genital Diseases, Female --- Human Rights --- Health Occupations --- Health Care Economics and Organizations --- Population Dynamics --- Reproductive Physiological Processes --- Persons --- Occupational Groups --- Social Behavior --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Technology, Industry, and Agriculture --- Genital Diseases, Male --- Schools --- Investigative Techniques --- Interpersonal Relations --- Science --- Humanities --- Community Health Services --- Reproductive 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Support --- Interdisciplinary Communication --- Social Control, Formal --- Biology --- Interprofessional Relations --- Men --- Morals --- Sexuality --- Sociology, Medical --- Government --- Animal Welfare --- Family Planning Services --- History --- Social Dominance --- Eugenics --- Population Control --- Reproductive Techniques, Assisted --- Agriculture --- Animal Experimentation --- Women's Rights --- Federal Government --- Genetics --- Infertility --- Medicine --- Contraception --- Financing, Government --- Private Sector --- Research Personnel --- Biomedical Research --- Politics --- Universities --- Human Anatomy & Physiology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Physiology --- Social aspects. --- Health and hygiene. --- History. --- Social aspects --- Health and hygiene --- Woman's Health --- Womens Health --- Health, Woman's --- Health, Women's --- Health, Womens --- Girls --- Woman --- Women's Groups --- Girl --- Women Groups --- Women's Group --- Private Enterprise --- Enterprise, Private --- Enterprises, Private --- Private Enterprises --- Sector, Private --- Government Financing --- Federal Aid --- Financing, Public --- Grants and Subsidies, Government --- Hill-Burton Act --- Subsidies, Government --- Act, Hill-Burton --- Aid, Federal --- Aids, Federal --- Federal Aids --- Government Subsidies --- Government Subsidy --- Hill Burton Act --- Public Financing --- Subsidy, Government --- Contraceptive Methods --- Female Contraception --- Fertility Control --- Inhibition of Fertilization --- Male Contraception --- Birth Control --- Contraception, Female --- Contraception, Male --- Contraceptions, Female --- Contraceptions, Male --- Contraceptive Method --- Female Contraceptions --- Fertilization Inhibition --- Male Contraceptions --- Laboratory Research --- Research Activities --- Research and Development --- Research Priorities --- Activities, Research --- Activity, Research --- Development and Research --- Priorities, Research --- Priority, Research --- Research Activity --- Research Priority --- Research, Laboratory --- Medical Specialities --- Medical Specialties --- Medical Specialty --- Specialities, Medical --- Specialties, Medical --- Specialty, Medical --- Medical Speciality --- Speciality, Medical --- Reproductive Sterility --- Sterility, Reproductive --- Sub-Fertility --- Subfertility --- Sterility --- National Government --- Government, Federal --- Woman's Rights --- Women's Status --- Women's Liberation --- Liberation, Women's --- Right, Woman's --- Right, Women's --- Rights, Woman's --- Rights, Women's --- Status, Women's --- Woman Rights --- Woman's Right --- Women Status --- Women's Right --- Animal Experimental Use --- Animal Experiments --- Animal Research --- Animal Experiment --- Animal Experimental Uses --- Experiment, Animal --- Experimental Use, Animal --- Experimental Uses, Animal --- Experimentation, Animal --- Experiments, Animal --- Research, Animal --- Agricultural Development --- Farming --- Development, 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Demographic Effectiveness --- Population Programs --- Population Programs, Goals --- Control, Population --- Controls, Population --- Effectiveness, Demographic --- Population Controls --- Population Program --- Program, Population --- Programs, Population --- 20th Cent. History (Medicine) --- 20th Cent. History of Medicine --- 20th Cent. Medicine --- Historical Events, 20th Century --- History of Medicine, 20th Cent. --- History, Twentieth Century --- Medical History, 20th Cent. --- Medicine, 20th Cent. --- 20th Century History --- 20th Cent. Histories (Medicine) --- 20th Century Histories --- Cent. Histories, 20th (Medicine) --- Cent. History, 20th (Medicine) --- Century Histories, 20th --- Century Histories, Twentieth --- Century History, 20th --- Century History, Twentieth --- Histories, 20th Cent. (Medicine) --- Histories, 20th Century --- Histories, Twentieth Century --- History, 20th Cent. (Medicine) --- Twentieth Century Histories --- Twentieth Century History --- Negative Eugenics --- Positive Eugenics --- Eugenics, Negative --- Eugenics, Positive --- Dominance Hierarchy --- Dominance, Social --- Dominance Hierarchies --- Hierarchy, Dominance --- Aspects, Historical --- Historical Aspects --- Aspect, Historical --- Historical Aspect --- Histories --- Family Planning Programs --- Planned Pregnancy --- Pregnancy, Planned --- Family Planning --- Family Planning Program --- Family Planning Service --- Planned Pregnancies --- Planning Service, Family --- Planning Services, Family --- Pregnancies, Planned --- Program, Family Planning --- Programs, Family Planning --- Service, Family Planning --- Services, Family Planning --- Animal Cruelty --- Cruelty, Animal --- Welfare, Animal --- Governments --- Sociology of Medicine --- Medical Sociology --- Morality --- Boys --- Etiquette, Medical --- Medical Etiquette --- Relations, Interprofessional --- Regulation --- Social Control --- Control, Social --- Controls, Social --- Formal Social Control --- Formal Social Controls --- Regulations --- Social Controls --- Communication Research --- Cross-Disciplinary Communication --- Multidisciplinary Communication --- Communication, Cross-Disciplinary --- Communication, Interdisciplinary --- Communication, Multidisciplinary --- Communications, Cross-Disciplinary --- Communications, Interdisciplinary --- Communications, Multidisciplinary --- Cross Disciplinary Communication --- Cross-Disciplinary Communications --- Interdisciplinary Communications --- Multidisciplinary Communications --- Research, Communication --- Financial Supports --- Support, Financial --- Supports, Financial --- Animal Husbandries --- Husbandries, Animal --- Husbandry, Animal --- Environment, Preventive Medicine & Public Health --- Environment, Preventive Medicine and Public Health --- Health, Public --- Proxemics --- Behavioral Science --- Proxemic --- Science, Behavioral --- Sciences, Behavioral --- Healthcare Facilities, Manpower, and Services --- Administration, Health Services --- Measurements, Epidemiologic --- Epidemiologic Measurement --- Measurement, Epidemiologic --- Physiology, Reproductive and Urinary --- Reproductive and Urinary Physiological Phenomenon --- Reproductive and Urinary Physiology Concepts --- Reproductive and Urinary Physiology Phenomenon --- Reproductive and Urinary Tract Physiological Concepts --- Reproductive and Urinary Tract Physiological Phenomena --- Reproductive and Urinary Tract Physiological Phenomenon --- Reproductive and Urinary Tract Physiology --- Reproductive and Urinary Physiology --- Reproductive and Urinary Physiology Phenomena --- Population Heterogeneity --- Population Statistics --- Characteristic, Population --- Characteristics, Population --- Heterogeneity, Population --- Population Characteristic --- Statistics, Population --- Community-Based Distribution --- Contraceptive Distribution --- Delivery of Healthcare --- Dental Care Delivery --- Distribution, Non-Clinical --- Distribution, Nonclinical --- Distributional Activities --- Healthcare --- Healthcare Delivery --- Healthcare Systems --- Non-Clinical Distribution --- Nonclinical Distribution --- Delivery of Dental Care --- Health Care Delivery --- Health Care Systems --- Activities, Distributional --- Activity, Distributional --- Care, Health --- Community Based Distribution --- Community-Based Distributions --- Contraceptive Distributions --- Deliveries, Healthcare --- Delivery, Dental Care --- Delivery, Health Care --- Delivery, Healthcare --- Distribution, Community-Based --- Distribution, Contraceptive --- Distribution, Non Clinical --- Distributional Activity --- Distributions, Community-Based --- Distributions, Contraceptive --- Distributions, Non-Clinical --- Distributions, Nonclinical --- Health Care System --- Healthcare Deliveries --- Healthcare System --- Non Clinical Distribution --- Non-Clinical Distributions --- Nonclinical Distributions --- System, Health Care --- System, Healthcare --- Systems, Health Care --- Systems, Healthcare --- Philosophical Overview --- Hedonism --- Stoicism --- Overview, Philosophical --- Overviews, Philosophical --- Philosophical Overviews --- Philosophies --- Information Sciences --- Science, Information --- Sciences, Information --- Male Genitourinary Diseases --- Genitourinary Disease, Male --- Genitourinary Diseases, Male --- Male Genitourinary Disease --- Male Urogenital Disease --- Urogenital Disease, Male --- Urogenital Diseases, Male --- Administration and Organization --- Administrative Technics --- Administrative Techniques --- Coordination, Administrative --- Logistics --- Supervision --- Technics, Administrative --- Techniques, Administrative --- Administration --- Administrative Coordination --- Administrative Technic --- Administrative Technique --- Technic, Administrative --- Technique, Administrative --- Female Genitourinary Diseases --- Female Genitourinary Disease --- Female Urogenital Disease --- Genitourinary Disease, Female --- Genitourinary Diseases, Female --- Urogenital Disease, Female --- Urogenital Diseases, Female --- Activities, Educational --- Educational Activities --- Workshops --- Literacy Programs --- Training Programs --- Activity, Educational --- Educational Activity --- Literacy Program --- Program, Literacy --- Program, Training --- Programs, Literacy --- Programs, Training --- Training Program --- Workshop --- Students --- Therapy --- Treatment --- Therapeutic --- Therapies --- Treatments --- Disease --- Acceptance Process --- Acceptance Processes --- Behaviors --- Process, Acceptance --- Processes, Acceptance --- Services, Health --- Health Service --- Service, Health --- Accounting, Demographic --- Analyses, Demographic --- Analyses, Multiregional --- Analysis, Period --- Brass Technic --- Brass Technique --- Demographers --- Demographic Accounting --- Demographic Analysis --- Demographic Factor --- Demographic Factors --- Demographic 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Population --- Methods, Reverse Survival --- Methods, Stable Population --- Multiregional Analyses --- Period Analyses --- Population Distributions --- Population Methods, Stable --- Population Spatial Distributions --- Prehistoric Demographies --- Reconstitution, Family --- Reconstitutions, Family --- Reverse Survival Methods --- Spatial Distribution, Population --- Spatial Distributions, Population --- Stable Population Methods --- Technic, Brass --- Technique, Brass --- History of Medicine, Modern --- Medicine, Modern --- Modern History (Medicine) --- Modern Medicine --- History, Modern --- Modern History --- 1601- History, Modern --- History, Modern (Medicine) --- Modern 1601- History --- Reproductive Physiologic Concepts --- Reproductive Physiological Phenomenon --- Reproductive Physiological Process --- Reproductive Physiological Concepts --- Concept, Reproductive Physiologic --- Concept, Reproductive Physiological --- Concepts, Reproductive Physiologic --- Concepts, Reproductive Physiological --- Phenomena, Reproductive Physiological --- Phenomenon, Reproductive Physiological --- Physiologic Concept, Reproductive --- Physiologic Concepts, Reproductive --- Physiological Concept, Reproductive --- Physiological Process, Reproductive --- Physiological Processes, Reproductive --- Process, Reproductive Physiological --- Processes, Reproductive Physiological --- Reproductive Physiologic Concept --- Reproductive Physiological Concept --- Community Healthcare --- Health Services, Community --- Services, Community Health --- Community Health Care --- Care, Community Health --- Community Health Service --- Community Healthcares --- Health Care, Community --- Health Service, Community --- Healthcare, Community --- Healthcares, Community --- Service, Community Health --- Sciences --- Gender Issues --- Husband-Wife Communication --- Partner Communication --- Relations, Gender --- Gender Relations --- Social Interaction --- Communication, Husband-Wife --- Communication, Partner --- Communications, Husband-Wife --- Communications, Partner --- Gender Issue --- Gender Relation --- Husband Wife Communication --- Husband-Wife Communications --- Interaction, Social --- Interactions, Social --- Interpersonal Relation --- Issue, Gender --- Issues, Gender --- Partner Communications --- Relation, Gender --- Relation, Interpersonal --- Relations, Interpersonal --- Social Interactions --- Investigative Technics --- Investigative Technic --- Investigative Technique --- Technic, Investigative --- Technics, Investigative --- Technique, Investigative --- Techniques, Investigative --- Primary Schools --- Schools, Secondary --- Secondary Schools --- Primary School --- School --- School, Primary --- School, Secondary --- Schools, Primary --- Secondary School --- Male Genital Diseases --- Disease, Male Genital --- Diseases, Male Genital --- Genital Disease, Male --- Male Genital Disease --- Natural Sciences --- Physical Sciences --- Discipline, Natural Science --- Disciplines, Natural Science --- Natural Science --- Natural Science Discipline --- Physical Science --- Science, Natural --- Science, Physical --- Sciences, Natural --- Sciences, Physical --- Behavior, Social --- Behaviors, Social --- Social Behaviors --- Group, Occupational --- Groups, Occupational --- Occupational Group --- Person --- Demographic Aging --- Demographic Transition --- Optimum Population --- Population Decrease --- Population Pressure --- Population Replacement --- Population Theory --- Residential Mobility --- Rural-Urban Migration --- Stable Population --- Stationary Population --- Malthusianism --- Neomalthusianism --- Aging, Demographic --- Decrease, Population --- Decreases, Population --- Demographic Transitions --- Dynamics, Population --- Migration, Rural-Urban --- Migrations, Rural-Urban --- Mobilities, Residential --- Mobility, Residential --- Optimum Populations --- Population Decreases --- Population Pressures --- Population Replacements --- Population Theories --- Population, Optimum --- Population, Stable --- Population, Stationary --- Populations, Optimum --- Populations, Stable --- Populations, Stationary --- Pressure, Population --- Pressures, Population --- Replacement, Population --- Replacements, Population --- Residential Mobilities --- Rural Urban Migration --- Rural-Urban Migrations --- Stable Populations --- Stationary Populations --- Theories, Population --- Theory, Population --- Transition, Demographic --- Transitions, Demographic --- Healthcare Economics and Organizations --- Health Professions --- Health Occupation --- Health Profession --- Occupation, Health --- Occupations, Health --- Profession, Health --- Professions, Health --- Equal Rights --- Equal Right --- Human Right --- Right, Equal --- Right, Human --- Rights, Equal --- Rights, Human --- Female Genital Diseases --- Gynecologic Diseases --- Diseases, Female Genital --- Diseases, Gynecologic --- Female Genital Disease --- Genital Disease, Female --- Gynecologic Disease --- General Social Development and Population --- Non-Governmental Organizations --- Nongovernmental Organizations --- Organizations, Nongovernmental --- Non Governmental Organizations --- Non-Governmental Organization --- Nongovernmental Organization --- Organization --- Organization, Non-Governmental --- Organization, Nongovernmental --- Organizations, Non-Governmental --- Premarital Sex Behavior --- Sex Behavior --- Sex Orientation --- Sexual Activities --- Anal Sex --- Oral Sex --- Sexual Activity --- Sexual Orientation --- Activities, Sexual --- Activity, Sexual --- Behavior, Premarital Sex --- Behavior, Sex --- Behavior, Sexual --- Orientation, Sexual --- Sex, Anal --- Sex, Oral --- Social Psychology --- Psychologies, Social --- Social Psychologies --- Property Rights --- Property Right --- Rights, Property --- Capital --- Conditions, Economic --- Consumption --- Cost of Living --- Easterlin Hypothesis --- Economic Conditions --- Economic Factors --- Economic Policies --- Economic Policy --- Economics, Home --- Factors, Economic --- Home Economics --- Household Consumption --- Macroeconomic Factors --- Microeconomic Factors --- Policies, Economic --- Policy, Economic --- Production --- Remittances --- Utility Theory --- Consumer Price Index --- Condition, Economic --- Consumer Price Indices --- Consumption, Household --- Economic Condition --- Economic Factor --- Factor, Economic --- Factor, Macroeconomic --- Factor, Microeconomic --- Factors, Macroeconomic --- Factors, Microeconomic --- Household Consumptions --- Hypothesis, Easterlin --- Index, Consumer Price --- Indices, Consumer Price --- Living Cost --- Living Costs --- Remittance --- Theories, Utility --- Theory, Utility --- Utility Theories --- Normalcy --- Normality --- Normalities --- Community Financing --- Grants --- Organized Financing --- Financing, Community --- Grant --- Health Service, Reproductive --- Health Services, Reproductive --- Reproductive Health Service --- Service, Reproductive Health --- Services, Reproductive Health --- Egoism --- Ethical Issues --- Metaethics --- Moral Policy --- Natural Law --- Situational Ethics --- Ethical Issue --- Ethics, Situational --- Issue, Ethical --- Issues, Ethical --- Law, Natural --- Laws, Natural --- Moral Policies --- Natural Laws --- Policies, Moral --- Policy, Moral --- Reproduction Technics --- Reproduction Techniques --- Reproductive Technologies --- Technology, Reproductive --- Reproductive Technology --- Reproduction Technic --- Reproduction Technique --- Reproductive Technique --- Technic, Reproduction --- Technics, Reproduction --- Technique, Reproduction --- Technique, Reproductive --- Techniques, Reproduction --- Techniques, Reproductive --- Technologies, Reproductive --- Communication Programs --- Communications Personnel --- Misinformation --- Personal Communication --- Communication Program --- Communication, Personal --- Personnel, Communications --- Program, Communication --- Programs, Communication --- Science, Social --- Sciences, Social --- Social Science --- Domestic animals --- Health of women --- Medicine, Reproductive --- Biosciences --- Sciences, Life --- Sex --- Sex (Physiology) --- Assisted reproduction --- Amphimixis --- Generation --- Pangenesis --- Procreation --- Biologic Sciences --- Biological Science --- Science, Biological --- Sciences, Biological --- Biological Sciences --- Life Sciences --- Biologic Science --- Biological Science Discipline --- Discipline, Biological Science --- Disciplines, Biological Science --- Life Science --- Science Discipline, Biological --- Science Disciplines, Biological --- Science, Biologic --- Science, Life --- Sciences, Biologic --- University --- Conservatism --- Decentralization --- Liberalism --- Political Factors --- Voting --- Political Activity --- Activities, Political --- Activity, Political --- Factor, Political --- Factors, Political --- Political Activities --- Political Factor --- Experimental Medicine --- Investigational Medicine --- Investigative Medicine --- Research, Biomedical --- Research, Medical --- Medical Research --- Medicine, Experimental --- Medicine, Investigational --- Medicine, Investigative --- Investigator, Clinical --- Investigators --- Investigators, Clinical --- Survey Personnel --- Clinical Investigator --- Clinical Investigators --- Researchers --- Investigator --- Personnel, Research --- Personnel, Survey --- Researcher --- organization & administration --- education --- therapy --- Breeding --- Hygiene --- Physiological aspects --- Technological innovations --- Ethics, Research --- Fertility --- Genetic Structures --- Genetic Phenomena --- Animal Use Alternatives --- Models, Animal --- Bioethical Issues --- Agricultural Inoculants --- Sterilization, Reproductive --- Selective Breeding --- Genetic Counseling --- Genetics, Medical --- Vivisection --- Euthanasia, Animal --- Retrospective Moral Judgment --- Public Policy --- Gift Giving --- Community Health --- Health, Community --- Preventive Medicine --- Education, Public Health Professional --- Pharmacy Philosophy --- Pharmacy Philosophies --- Philosophies, Pharmacy --- Philosophy, Pharmacy --- Public Health Administration --- Social Work --- Community Health Planning --- Friends --- Emotional Intelligence --- Occupations --- Life History Traits --- Genetics, Population --- Social Justice --- Human Rights Abuses --- Gynecology --- Reproductive Behavior --- Practice Valuation and Purchase --- Reproductive Health --- Censorship, Research --- Health education of women --- Biotechnology --- Life (Biology) --- Embryology --- Generative organs --- Theriogenology --- Dissent and Disputes --- Animals, Laboratory --- Health Workforce --- Psychology, Perceptual --- Perceptual Psychology --- ART (Assisted reproductive technology) --- Assisted reproductive technology --- Reproductive techniques